An excerpt from the NYTimes.com:
<div class="timestamp">November 22, 2005</div>
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<div class="kicker">Making Artists</div>
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Video Games Are Their Major, So Don't Call Them Slackers
<div class="byline">By
SETH SCHIESEL</div>
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"So you have these four basic types that occupy the environment: the Achiever, the Explorer, the Socializer and the Killer."
Nick Fortugno, the 30-year-old teacher, turned away from the
whiteboard and faced the 14 undergraduate and master's-level students
in his Thursday seminar. "Killers act like predators, and like any
ecosystem, if you increase the number of killers and facilitate them,
you decrease the number of achievers and socializers."
A forestry class on the ecology of the African savannah? No. A
psychology course on the ways of the grade-school playground? Closer,
but not quite.
Rather, in his video game design seminar at Parsons the New School
for Design in Greenwich Village, Mr. Fortugno was recently explaining
the basic taxonomy of players in online role-playing games like World
of Warcraft or Lineage, games that millions of people around the world
play every day.
"You might think that killers are just bad for the game, right?" he
said. "Well, they actually provide a really valuable social function:
they provide something for other players to talk about. 'Oh, my God,
did you hear that Dorag407 got killed last night at the dungeon?' See,
all of these things exist in a social network, which is what really
provides the game experience."
Most of the students kept pecking at their laptops. A few took notes the old-fashioned way.
Three decades after bursting into pool halls and living rooms, video
games are taking a place in academia. A handful of relatively obscure
vocational schools have long taught basic game programming. But in the
last few years a small but growing cadre of well-known universities,
from the University of Southern California to the University of Central
Florida, have started formal programs in game design and the academic
study of video games as a slice of contemporary culture.
Traditionalists in both education and the video game industry
pooh-pooh the trend, calling it a bald bid by colleges to cash in on a
fad. But others believe that video games - which already rival movie
tickets in sales - are poised to become one of the dominant media of
the new century.
Certainly, the burgeoning game industry is famished for new talent.
And now, universities are stocked with both students and young faculty
members who grew up with joystick in hand. And some educators say that
studying games will soon seem no less fanciful than going to film
school or examining the cultural impact of television.
According to the International Game Developers Association, fewer
than a dozen North American universities offered game-related programs
five years ago. Now, that figure is more than 100, with dozens more
overseas. At Carnegie Mellon University, a drama professor and a
computer science professor have created an entertainment technology
program that now enrolls 90 students and will soon open branches in
Australia and South Korea.
At the Georgia Institute of Technology, which started new
undergraduate and Ph.D. programs in interactive media last year, the
director of graduate studies at the university's liberal arts school
likens the multiple outcomes possible in video games to the magical
realism of writers like Borges.
"The skills and methods of video games are becoming a part of our
life and culture in so many ways that it is impossible to ignore," said
Bob Kerrey, the former Nebraska senator who is now president of the New School, which includes Parsons.
Parsons has offered game courses to graduate students for five
years and this fall began an undergraduate program in game design.
"But if you just look at the surface of people playing games, you
are missing the point, which is that games are all about managing and
manipulating information," Mr. Kerrey said. "A lot of students that
come out of this program may not go to work for Electronic Arts. They
may go to Wall Street. Because to me, there is no significant
difference - except for clothing preference - between people who are
making games and people who are manipulating huge database systems to
try to figure out where the markets are headed. It's largely the same
skill set, the critical thinking. Games are becoming a major part of
our lives, and there is actually good news in that."
It is certainly good news to students like Johnny Trinh, 18, a Parsons sophomore from Queens.
"When I came here, I was really surprised that they had so much
in-depth set aside for people who want to go into gaming culture," Mr.
Trinh said last month during a break in his multimedia programming
class as, multitasking, he skimmed the Web message boards for his
online gaming team. "When you talk to your parents, they want you to be
a doctor or a lawyer, but they are starting to understand that you can
have a real job making games, and among the students it is definitely
becoming more popular."
Electronic Arts, the No. 1 game maker, based in Redwood City,
Calif., has been a leader in encouraging universities to develop game
programs. Last year, the company, which is known for franchises
including Madden football, contributed millions of dollars to help
underwrite a new three-year master of fine arts program in interactive
entertainment at U.S.C.
"For 20 years, students came out of school and they had to kind of
unlearn what they had learned in computer science, and the stuff they
had done in art wasn't appropriate, and we had to do a lot of training
internally," said Bing Gordon, the company's chief creative officer.
"The big idea now is that in the last three or four years, the students
are starting to come out of school immediately able to contribute to
real projects, which is what we need.
"Just imagine that a movie studio showed up at a cinema school and
said, 'You know, we need three times as many directors and
screenwriters as we are able to get now.' That's where we are. In all
of traditional media there is a glut of people who want jobs, and that
makes for some dog-eat-dog competition. But in our business there still
is not as much talent as there is opportunity."
Jason Della Rocca, executive director of the game developers'
association, said that no firm figures were available for overall
employment in the industry.
But at bellwether Electronic Arts, employment has almost doubled
since 2000, to roughly 6,450. Over the same period, the number of
employees in Electronic Arts's creative operations - the people who
actually make games - has almost tripled, to 4,300.
At universities that have embraced video games, the curriculum
varies. Georgia Tech has taken a more humanities-centered approach that
focuses on the study of games as cultural artifacts, much as a scholar
who has no interest in making television programs might study "All in
the Family" and "The Jeffersons" to try to parse American race
relations in the 1970's.
Institutions like Parsons and U.S.C. try to give students both the
technical and academic backgrounds to become working game designers.
That involves some traditional lectures, but often means assembling
students into teams to make games, starting with pen and paper and
gradually incorporating more sophisticated technologies.
"To create a video game project you need the art department and the
computer science department and the design department and the
literature or film department all contributing team members," Mr.
Gordon said. "And then there needs to be a leadership or faculty that
can evaluate the work from the individual contributors but also
evaluate the whole project."
Most of the game programs are so new that track records hardly
exist, but Mr. Gordon said that the master's-level program in
entertainment technology at Carnegie Mellon had been the most
successful in embracing a multidisciplinary approach and producing
work-ready students. That program, which helped pioneer the field when
it began in 1999, is led by the odd couple of Donald Marinelli, a drama
professor, and Randy Pausch, a computer scientist.
"When students want to come in and complain that they can't work
with people from other disciplines, we tell them to come in and tell us
both about it," Mr. Pausch said.
Mr. Marinelli added, "When we first got the program started, we
worried about if these hardcore geeks would be able to communicate with
the artists. But now we find it common to see applications from people
who have an undergraduate major in computer science and a minor in
visual arts, or a major in music and a minor in computer science. The
students have actually been doing this right brain-left brain crossover
on their own."
Yet even some in the game industry express doubts about the merit of such programs.
Jack Emmert had already earned his master's degree in ancient
Mediterranean history from the University of Chicago and was working on
his Ph.D. in Greek and Latin at Ohio State University when he dropped
out in 2000 to become creative director at Cryptic Studios, a game
company based in Los Gatos, Calif., where he has helped design the
successful City of Heroes and City of Villains online games.
"This whole idea of teaching game design is a fabrication," Mr.
Emmert said. "I'm a serious academic, and what is the actual skill that
they're teaching? If you're not teaching a quantifiable skill, then you
are teaching an opinion. Making games is an art form. You need to
understand the technical side, but I loathe any attempt to teach game
design as an academic discipline."
It is a familiar refrain to Tracy Full
